Dementia Essay Example for Free

Dementia Essay I work in a blend private home for the old, a portion of the customers, Dementia run from mellow to serious. The customers are brought up in a totally different manner to how I was raised and it is significant that I should recall this and regard their this as we as a whole have individual convictions and inclinations dependent on our experience and childhood. I have been brought as Muslim where strict instruction was obligatory, anyway we despite everything examined different religions and were educated to regard all individuals and there convictions. Supplications were a day by day thing toward the finish of every get together and whether I needed to pat consideration regarding the petition time again I needed to regard the individuals that did. Religion may influence individuals from multiple points of view, for the most part since we as a whole originate from various foundations and are instructed in an unexpected way. In any case, it is imperative to regard how individuals respect their religion. I am a nonbeliever anyway I despite everything make time to converse with my customers about their religion despite the fact that my own convictions it isn't something that I decide to do as I probably am aware it fulfills the customer it satisfies me to do this as I probably am aware it is something that they feel so firmly in and it is astonishing at the amount I actually now look forward discussing it. It is a vital part of the work that I do and part of indicating the customers that we care about what makes them cheerful and regard their convictions regardless of whether our own are extraordinary. Remember that my very own inclinations are distinctive to other people and I cannot anticipate that others should think, act and feel a similar route as I do. For instance I like to shower day by day and a few times twice day by day, a portion of my customers don't care for water and some truly don't care for showers or showers I need to regard there choice in the event that they lean toward not to have one and clarify if conceivable that it is in, religion to smell quite perfect on the off chance that they overlook this is in religion just however what they need to comprehend its tendency to attempt to remain clean.

Entropy And The Second Law Of Thermodynamics

Entropy And The Second Law Of Thermodynamics The paper inspects, clarify obviously, thoroughly the term entropy, at that point talk about and assess its importance with regards to the second law of thermodynamics. Likewise It will give an authentic outline of the term entropy and it will give a few models which are taken from the every day life and with these, I will attempt to clarify plainly the term entropy and its aim not just with regards to the subsequent law and furthermore its outcomes in our day by day life. 2. Presentation (Appendices A.) The term entropy has some related definitions. The main definition utilized by the German physicist Rodolf Julius Clausius during the 1850s and 1860s, he did that to express the second law of thermodynamics. The word entropy has been taken from the Greek word Ï„ï Ã® ¿Ã¯â‚¬Ã® · which implies change. Likewise similarly as the principal law of thermodynamics prompts the meaning of vitality as a property of a framework, so the subsequent law, as Clausius disparity, prompts the meaning of another property of essential significance. This property is entropy. During the 1870s the term entropy is given by J. Willard Gibbs. The significance of what he says is that the entropy shows the uncertainly about the condition of a framework. The last can be characterizing from the likelihood dispersion of its smaller scale states which demostrates, every atomic insight concerning the framework, for example, the position and the speed of each particle. On the off chance that Pi is the chance of a smaller scale state I, at that point the entropy of the framework can be communicated by S = - k ÃŽ £ Pi ln Pi Where k is the Boltzmann consistent equivalent to 1.38062 x10^(âˆ'23) joule/kelvin. Another definition, is the measurable definition created by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1870s. This definition, depicts the entropy as a proportion of the quantity of conceivable tiny designs of the individual iotas, and particles of the framework; which would offer ascent to the watched plainly visible condition of the framework. In factual thermodynamics, Boltzmanns condition, is a chance condition relating the Entropy S of a perfect gas to amount W, which is the quantity of small scale states comparing to a given large scale state: S = k log W Where k is Boltzmanns equivalent to 1.38062 x10^ (âˆ'23) joule/kelvin. Boltzmann has demonstrated that the entropy of a given condition of thermodynamic al framework is associated by a basic relationship to the likelihood of the state. As indicated by M. Kostic(2004): Entropy is a vital proportion of (arbitrary) warm vitality redistribution (because of warmth move or irreversible warmth age) inside a framework mass or potentially space (during framework extension), per total temperature level. Entropy is expanding from superbly requested (particular and interesting) crystalline structure at zero total temperature (zero reference) during reversible warming (entropy move) and entropy age during irreversible vitality change (lost of work-potential to warm vitality), for example vitality debasement or arbitrary prepare segment inside framework material structure and space per outright temperature level. 3. Entropy quantifies the confusion in a framework (Appendices B.) Hence, allegorically if a little shelf getting scattered, it will be expanding the entropy of the shelf. Since, when the shelf is appropriately sorted out, finding a book is unsurprising and simple since all books are in a decent request. As the shelf is getting disordered, the possibility of not finding a book expanding, accordingly is a lot higher. So that, when a shelf, a room a house are sorted out and they are moved from being composed to being confused, they create Entropy. Likewise, fluids have higher entropy than gems naturally in light of the fact that their nuclear positions are less systematic. Ascertaining the entropy of blending represents this understanding. A model is with scrambling eggs since when we blend the yolk and the white we can't re-separate after. A model from this circumstance are given in figures 1.1 and 1,2. V 2V Fig. 1.1 Unmixed particles. The premixed Fig. 1.2 Mixed iotas. The blended state: N/2 state: N/2 white particles on one side, N/2 blended iotas and N/2 dark molecules dissipated dark particles on the other. Through the volume, 2V. Fig. 1.1 There are N/2 undistinguished perfect gas white particles on one side and N/2 undistinguished gas dark iotas on the opposite side. Therefore, the entropy of this framework: Sunmixed = 2kB log[V N/2/(N/2)] Double the configurational entropy of N/2 undistinguished particles in a volume V. We expect that the high contrast iotas have similar masses and a similar all out vitality. Presently the entropy change when the segment is expelled, subsequently from the scrambling and the two arrangements of iotas permitted blending. Since, the temperatures and weights from the two sides are equivalent and when the segment expelling doesn't include any warmth move, and the entropy change to the blending of the white and dark molecules. In integrated express, the entropy has expanded to Smixed = 2kB log[(2V )N/2/(N/2)] furthermore, it is: ÃŽSmixing = Smixed âˆ' Sunmixed = =2kB log[[V^N/2/(N/2)]/[(2V)^N/2/(N/2)] = =kB log 2N = NkB log 2 So that, it gain kB log 2 in entropy each time we place an iota into one of the crates. James P. Sethna (2006) Besides, we can give another model which gives us that entropy quantifies the turmoil in a framework: Which is more issue? The glass of ice chips or the glass of water? For a glass of water, the quantity of particles is cosmic. The ice chips plausible look more issue when we contrast with the glass of water which looks uniform. Be that as it may, as per thermodynamics the ice chips place restrains on the number of ways the particles can be organized. The water atoms in the glass can be orchestrated from various perspectives; accordingly, they have grater assortment and in this way more noteworthy entropy. 4. Entropy quantifies our numbness in a framework The most broad is to quantify our numbness about a framework. The balance condition of a framework, expands the entropy since, we have lost all data about the underlying conditions, subsequently, the entropy boosting promptly amplifies and our obliviousness about the subtleties of the framework. 5. Entropy quantifies the assortment of a framework The likelihood of finding a framework in a given state relies on the variety of that state. Therefore it is corresponding to the quantity of ways somebody can deliver that state. Here, it is a couple of dices, and in tossing this pair, quantifiable property is the whole of the quantity of spots which are looking on the top. The variety for two spots demonstrating is only one in light of the fact that there is just one instance of the pair that will give that state. For instance, the variety for seven dabs is six, in light of the fact that there is six instances of the pair that will show an aggregate of seven specks. Likely one approach to characterize the amount entropy is to do it regarding the variety. Variety = W Entropy = k lnW Where K is Boltzmanns steady. For a framework, of an enormous number of particles. We can expect that the framework at balance will be found in the condition of most elevated assortment since the changes from that the state will ordinarily be very little to gauge. Accordingly, as a huge framework approaches harmony, its assortment along these lines, entropy tends clearly to increment. This is one method of expressing the Second Law of Thermodynamic. 6. The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Appendices C.) The second law of thermodynamics expresses that warmth streams consistently from the hotter to colder bodies and never inverse. This is a typical encounter which everybody has seen and presumably consistently we have an instance of those. For instance, at whatever point we leave some warm espresso it will get cool in a short time. The extraordinary purpose of this procedure is that before the finish of years can never turn out to be in reverse. It has only one course over the long haul. Without a doubt, through our ordinary experience realize that while reaching a hot and a virus body will be moved warmth from the hot to the virus body, so the hot body will be somewhat cooler and the virus body the contrary will be somewhat more sizzling. Be that as it may, it is never conceivable as the time passes and the two bodies are in contact the virus body to be colder and the hot body to be more sizzling, for instance, in the event that we put an ice-shape into our beverage, the beverage doe sn't bubble. Along these lines, it is just a single course in the stream heat which on the off chance that we uprooted it with a line, at that point this line will show everything from the past to now and to future. The second law of thermodynamics expresses that warmth can't be moved from a colder to a more sweltering body inside a framework net changes happening in different bodies inside that framework, in any irreversible procedure, entropy consistently increments. In these days, it is standard to utilize the term entropy related to the second law of thermodynamic. Subsequently the entropy shows the inaccessible vitality of a framework, as per the law the entropy of a shut framework can never decrease. Another type of the second law thermodynamic says that the base measure of warmth which trade a framework during a change, which happens at steady temperature T, related with a change which is called entropy, with the condition: dQ=<S dT The uniformity applies, so call reversible changes. Along these lines, those, which on the off chance that we do precisely the inverse, which we did during the change our framework and its condition are driven back to their unique proclamations. For the progressions which are not reversible, is the image < in the above condition. As indicated by the second law of thermodynamics entropy in particular the turmoil in a framework, on the off chance that it is disregarded, it will develop. What's more, it can't go into a higher-request circumstance, however keeps an eye on more prominent condition of confusion. In addition, the second law of thermodynamics forbids two groups of equivalent temperature in contact with one another and detached from the earth, yet to advance into a circumstance where one of them to have a specific higher temperature than the other on

a semester im excited for

a semester im excited for At long last, Ive finally reached a semester where at least half my semester is comprised of classes I actually really want to take. Here are the classes I took the previous three semesters, complete with a color coded key of how I classify the classes.Notice the relatively small fraction of classes per semester that I actually wanted to take and the overwhelming number of requirements/GIRs that are on there. Now if we take a look at this semester Look at all those classes that I actually want to take! Im even excited for the required classes, which is really saying something. Lets go through all of these so I can fangirl about each of them individually. 6.073 (Creating Video Games): Ive been waiting to take this class since freshman fall, and its honestly one of the biggest reasons that I declared my double major in CMS so early (I am officially a double major, by the way!!). Classes with limited enrollment like 6.073 (officially CMS.611) are hard to get in without an affiliation in CMS. There are four projects of increasing sizes, and all of them are you guessed it creating video games! The final project involves creating STEM games for middle schoolers in Nepal, and Im pretty interested in edtech, so I think that this will be a cool thing to work on. This class is also apparently known as project management, the class, and thats a skill that Id like to develop this semester, both in classes and in other arenas. Im looking ahead to next summer to maybe get an internship in project management, so this class and my tenure as CPW Chair of East Campus will be good experience for that. 6.033 (Computer Systems Engineering): 6.033 is the Course 6 CI-M, which is one of the two communication intensive classes that Course 6s have to take. I actually think that even though this class is a requirement, Im going to enjoy it a lot. One of the bigger components of the class involves reading papers and discussing them in recitation, and I finally feel like this is a Course 6 class that I can actually do well in all my years of being good at English class have prepared me for this. CMS.614 (Network Cultures): This is Peteys class and oh boy I am hyped because a. I love Petey and b. the material of this class is super cool. According to the first line of Peteys syllabus: This course is a survey of important topics in the social and cultural aspects of networked media (including computers, mobile devices, entertainment technologies, and emerging media forms).  Our entire society is networked heck, even humans are just one big network when you think about it and learning about how they work is important! 7.013 (Intro to Biology): I actually tried to ASE Biology when I entered MIT, but I got a D on the Bio ASE, and while that is technically a passing grade (Ds get degrees), it isnt for ASEing things, so I didnt get any credit. I was kind of salty about this for a while, but after sitting through the first 7.013 lecture, Im honestly kind of excited to be back in a biology class. I really like bio in a slightly different version of this universe, I would have been a Course 7. Other things Im doing this semester: UROP: One of the reasons Im not really broken up about not getting into one of the classes I tried to lottery for is that Id really like to spend a lot of time on my UROP this semester. It involves making a game in Unity as a platform to observe how creative children are, and also going around to public schools in the area to have kids play similar games. I really enjoy working on it (even though Unity is really buggy and is a disaster to work with, especially if youre using Git) and I want to put in a lot of time so that I can finish it and hopefully have kids playing it before the end of the semester. Fencing: The season ends within a month, which is weird, since fencing is literally the only activity I have that gives structure to my day. Fencing is still really difficult for me and I have so many things to work on, so I hope that I can find it in me to keep practicing from 5-7 every day even when the season ends. East Campus CPW Chair: Im finally part of the East Campus swamp (a vaguely self-derogating term used by people who care about EC politics a lot)! My job as one of three chairs is to make sure that East Campuss CPW has a lot of awesome events and runs smoothly, and to interface with Admissions and the DormCon (Dormitory Council) CPW Chairs (Shuli is one of them!) to ensure that all the events are safe and SFW. This is a pretty big commitment, and I had to take a break from a cappella for it this semester, so Im hoping that I can do a good job and gain a lot of experience in planning and managing large events like CPW. 1E Hall Chair: 1E is the hall I live on, and Ive finally graduated to being a hall chair! This means that me and the two other hall chairs have to attend every dormwide meeting to make sure that our hall gets a say in things, as well as make sure that all the administrative business on our hall gets taken care of. I actually ran for the position as a freshman last year, but was beaten out by three upperclassmen (which is fair), so Im excited that I finally get to represent my hall. I finalized my schedule today its always satisfying to know that none of your classes are in flux anymore. Here it is, in all its glory! Ill sign off now, but hopefully Ill be back to the blogs very soon to rant some more about how awesome my classes are and how excited I am to be in them :) Post Tagged #6.033 #6.073 #7.013 #CMS.614 #extracurriculars #new semester new me

I Want to Major in Computer Science - 665 Words

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Now a Day, Computers are to be considered as the eighth wonder of the world. Computers have become essential in every field such as Communication, Database Systems, Banking, Robotics, Medicine, Automobiles etc. I think it’s fair to say that Computers have become most empowering tool we’ve ever created. They’re tools of communication, they’re tools of creativity and they can be shaped by their user (Bill Gates). The development of Software industry has brought the world to an astonishing proximity and amazing exposures of Computer has constantly promoted actually the concept of â€Å"Global village†. The Internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow (Bill Gates). Definitely a lot in this regard and is changing our lives dramatically. Naturally I got attention in the field of computer science and research as I am extremely associated with the technology that provides the support for further scientific pursuits. Therefore, I wish to pursue my MS degree in Computer Science. My aim is to have a bright career in software industry in order to experience the enthusiasm and pleasure of being at the forefront of this growing field. I feel this could give me the finest opportunity to grasp and unravel the details in my field. My parents have been my foremost sources of inspiration and supported me in getting ranks and recognize my potentials. My teachers have also helped me to think in higher level and boosted me for achieving top ranksShow MoreRelatedMy Preferred Major Is Computer Science878 Words   |  4 PagesMy preferred major is computer science. Computer science is the act of coding and other operations dealing with computer software. Computer science also deals with knowing all or most languages of code such as Java, Python, or Linux. Along my path to deciding that I wanted to major in computer science, I faced many obstacles and was a part of many experiences that pushed me towards this field. Some events would be as simple as my family designating me the honorary â€Å"Tech Guy† or my friends comingRead MoreComputer Science As A Computer Programmer1645 Words   |  7 Pages For many years, I have been interested in studying computer science to become a computer programmer. Sinc e I moved to the United States, my passion for computing developed while I was trying to find something to do keep myself busy after losing the freedom I had in my country as a child. My parents always said that I m addicted to my computer but what they never understood was why my computer was my best friend. Curiosity is the main reason. I ve always wondered how the internet is operatedRead MoreMy Field Of Computer Science874 Words   |  4 PagesI have always been fascinated by the field of computer science, and that led to me pursuing a degree in Computer Science from North Carolina State University (NCSU). While at NCSU I had the chance to work under a computer science professor and learn a great deal from him. As a result of my prior research experience I believe that I will be a perfect fit for this Research Experience. Research has been an essential part of my academic life, and doing research has both increased my critical thinkingRead MoreHow Computer And Software Systems Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pages I have always wanted a career that deals with computer science. Working with computers in general is interesting to me. This is the way it has always been. I have gone back and forth and chose other things over the years, but I always go back to a career with technology. I want to learn more about how computers function and how to manage computer and software systems. I also want to learn the different programming languages and how to put code into a computer. I want to be able to have a job thatRead MoreApplication Of A Software Designer1178 Words   |  5 Pagesname is Harold Sullivan I attend Columbus state University I am currently a computer science major I am in this field of study because I want to become a software Designer Since the age of eleven I have always been intrigued as to how and why computers work the way they do. When I entered college I finally made my decision that I wanted to be a software developer. A software developer is a person who creates the applications that allow people to do specific tasks on a computer or other devices. ToRead MoreMy Major At Nicholls State University1715 Words   |  7 PagesSELF – EXPLORATION My major at Nicholls State University is Mathematics with a concentration in Computer Science; however, I plan to transfer to University of Louisiana at Lafayette to pursue a degree in Physics. The process in which one would solve a problem has always appealed to me. In math, specifically calculus, derivatives tell me how the original function acts and integrals tell me the relevance of the original function to the x – axis. Using a simple formula to find the answer to a seeminglyRead MoreI Am Interested Into Learning1244 Words   |  5 PagesI have always been a very studious person and I genuinely enjoy learning and figuring things out through experimentation and doing things for myself. This is wonderful in many ways, but, unfortunately, it has made it very hard for me to decide about a college major. I am interested in learning as much about as many things as I can. This is my goal because I am curious about how the world works and I want to understand it to help make it better. I chose the Northeastern Explore Program because itRead MoreA Rhetorical Analysis Of Computer Science1008 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"Computer Science salaries rise with demand for new graduates,† by Ann Bednarz All around us there are several different communities of people. College communities, people with similar interests, gamers and several more. Another word for these groups is a discourse community. A discourse community is a group of people whom have a common goal and/ or have similar interests. Everywhere you go, there are different discourse communities. In the article, â€Å"Computer Science salaries riseRead MoreGraduation Speech : My Goals997 Words   |  4 Pagesto challenge myself. I chose to ignore that advice and take the easy route. I did not find any reason to challenge myself in school. My parents never attended college, so why should I? Just the thought of being able to afford a fancy college was out of the question. In hopes of having a laid back time through high school, I took the easiest classes offered. However, I still focused in my classes and completed my work on time with remarkable quality. It was because of this that I stood out amongst myRead MoreChanging The World Through Technology : My Career As A Software Developer1430 Words   |  6 PagesChanging the World through Technology: My Career as a Software Developer I must admit, becoming an engineer never happened to cross my mind at a younger age. I suppose it must have been the lack of female role models in the field of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math, or the lack of computer programming classes in our school district growing up. Always having an avid interest in the latest technology, hours upon hours were spent while growing up reading reviews for the latest gadgets and

Analysis Of A P By John Updike - 731 Words

In â€Å"AP†, John Updike uses compelling diction, language, and description to enhance the perspective of Sammy within the story and his final decision to quit his job. The use of imagery within the supermarket develops the environment Sammy worked in to a greater extent and painted diverse pictures of the customers. The derogatory descriptions of Lengel and some customers was also significant in terms of revealing Sammy’s emotions about his job at AP. The nature of the situation with the girls and descriptive language of the customers and environment were also significant factors.A spontaneous effort to portray Sammy’s power and independence was a significant aspect Updike made more interesting by implementing dialogue, diction, and theme.†¦show more content†¦He saw a potential opportunity to talk to the girls, but the fact that Lengel had made them blush in a negative way had angered him as he felt the embarrassment was unnecessary. The combined frus tration of his environment convinced him to attempt to be the â€Å"hero† and win over the girl’s attention even though it was a failure. Updike writes, â€Å"The girl, and whod blame them, are in a hurry to get out, so I say â€Å"I quit† to Lengel quick enough for them to hear, hoping they’ll stop and watch me, their unsuspected hero.† Later on he continues, â€Å"I look around for my girls, but they’re gone.† Such dialogue hints that his desire to win the girls over was also a minor contribution toward his departure from AP especially when he states, ‘â€Å"You didn’t have to embarrass them.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Sammy’s inability to conform to Lengel’s power and the future AP had in store for him was also well portrayed through the description and diction in the story. The author made it known that achieving a promotion in the AP was not so simple. â€Å"I forgot to say he thinks he’s going to be manag er some sunny day, maybe in 1990 when it’s called the Great Alexandro and Petrooshki Tea Company or something.† Internally Sammy felt that if he had remained in this job he would have been helplessly waiting for a promotion some day. Sammy’s doubtfulness is seen in the words â€Å"thinks† and sarcasm from the words â€Å"maybe in 1990..†Show MoreRelatedJohn Updike aP Analysis1508 Words   |  7 PagesHanks Aamp;P- In John Updikes Aamp;P, choices and consequences are portrayed as a fundamental and recurring theme throughout the story. Many can understand the idea of repercussions for specific decisions and actions, which makes this story very relatable to most audiences. The story encompasses numerous ideologies paramount to human development and philosophy. Dismantling the story can help depict underlain meanings and asses the ambiguous nature of humanity. The construct of Aamp;P portraysRead MoreA P John Updike Analysis856 Words   |  4 PagesIn John Updike’s â€Å"A P†, he expresses the life of a young boy names Sammy, who works in a small food mart named A P. It’s a coming of age story that deals with puberty taking over the better of Sammy and trying to come out the hero when in reality he comes out looking like a fool. There is also one other detail that cause inner and outer conflicts with Sammy that lead to life lessons and the realization that not everyone is happy where they’re at in life, but if you work hard enough, anythingRead MoreAnalysis Of A P By John Updike1324 Words   |  6 PagesNovember 2015 2015 Unavoidable Conflict Sammy is a local cashier in a grocery store called AP who resents the local town and disagrees with the local populous. A strong willed teenager who is more than aware of himself tries to get a firm footing in the town. When this backfires Sammy becomes drastic and hastily makes a decision to try to fix all of the issues. To capture this idea in AP by John Updike, it illustrates the struggles of a young teenage male, where his beliefs are against that ofRead MoreAnalysis Of A P By John Updike845 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The sheep pushing against the carts down the aisle - the girls were walking against the traffic - were pretty hilarious† (Updike AP). The title of this story is AP, written by John Updike. The main characters shown in this story are Sammy, The Three Girls, Lengel, and Stokesie. Here’s a brief summary, â€Å"Three girls walk into AP wearing bikinis. Sammy’s constantly looks at â€Å"Queenie†, the group leader. Stokesie joins in as Sammy watches the girls go aisle after aisle. As the girls reach to theRead MoreAnalysis Of A P By John Updike1560 Words   |  7 PagesJalen Johnson Ms. Mahaffey Eng 102 10/15/17 Feminism in AP In the story â€Å"AP† by John Updike he tries to portray the conventional lifestyle and tendency of his community. The story â€Å"AP† proves how feminism was a large part of the conservative lifestyle and is still present today. AP helps you visualize how sexism could be happening right under our noses. The story is told through the main character Sammy, who is an ordinary teenager in the small town. Sammy makes a courageous effort to fight feminismRead MoreAnalysis of AP by John Updike533 Words   |  2 Pagesâ€Å"AP† (supermarket) is a short story written by the hardworking and highly productive John Updike and narrated in first person by a 19-year-old protagonist and cashier named Sammy. It was published in 1961 and is about Sammy’s change of character and coming of age. Updike uses the various shifts in tone, great attention to detail, and a great deal of symbolism to portray the significant change. The opening sentence â€Å" In walks three girls in nothing but bathing suits† (par.1) sets up the colloquialRead MoreAnalysis Of A P By John Updike895 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"In walks these three girls in nothing but bathing suits† (Updike 1). With the previous quote, would one believe that the storyline is set in a grocery store? In John Updike’s â€Å"AP,† Sammy is the main character. The entire narrative happens through his eyes. Having three out of the ordinary girls walk into the A P mystified Sammy as well as the other men in the store. The tale follows the girls around while they shop and until they leave. It carefully describes what aisles the girls pass throughRead MoreAnalysis Of John Updike s A P 1804 Words   |  8 Pagesit’s seemingly infallibility. Most young people feel invincible, but really it is their naivety and inability to understand the harsh concept of reality that enables this behavior. While a common theme in l iterature, John Updike gives the tale of youth a consumerist spin in â€Å"AP†. Updike tells the story of Sammy the cashier, who see’s himself as superior to those around him and believes he will turn out nothing like the adults he’s surrounded with. He seems to get his chance to be great when some beautifulRead MoreAnalysis Of John Updike s A P1293 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Updike is viewed by his readers as a progressive voice in his work that promotes feminist issues. He makes these issues stand out more evidently, rather than hidden, in order for the reader to realize how women are viewed in society. From reading Updike’s AP, the story sends the message to readers of genders working together to strive for equality. If readers do not carefully and actively read AP they may miss key messages about the power men hold over women, not just in society but in literatureRead MoreAnalysis Of John Updike s A P2577 Words   |  11 Pagescome together and dec lare allegiance to a similar core of beliefs. And, when they do, they ask a particular set of question about a literary work. Each different way of analyzing a literary work elicits a different set of questions. AP, a short story by John Updike, would best be analyzed by using the school of New Criticism and analyzing the journey Sammy, the narrator, experiences throughout the story. The school of New Criticism believes that the work’s overall meaning depends solely on the text

In the Late 1990s a Growing Number of Economists Free Essays

Q. In the late 1990s a growing number of economists argued that world policymakers were focusing too much on fighting inflation. The economists also argued that the technical level of potential output had risen. We will write a custom essay sample on In the Late 1990s a Growing Number of Economists or any similar topic only for you Order Now Show their argument using the AS/AD model. Ans. During the 1970s and the 1980s inflation had risen to relatively higher levels as compared to the earlier decades. The tightening of the monetary policy was one of the action that lead to the fall inflation rate after remaining high for two continuous decades. But economists in the past have argued that there has been too much stress on fighting inflation during 1990s. The prime reasons for this argument is the fact that both fiscal and monetary side, i. e. both the instruments which managed the demand side of the economy where used for curbing inflation at a time when there was a technical boom in the economy in the form of enhancing productivity. This lead to the potential output of the economy to increase and therefore had a favourable impact on efforts to curb inflation. This enhancement of productivity (which was primarily due to decline in prices of computers) during the 1990s especially the later half is the chief factor that lead to the shift of the aggregate supply curve of the economy as shown in the figure. The Aggregate supply curve shifts from AS0 to AS1. This shift is because of the technical progress during the concerned period. The technical progress caused the economy to produce a higher level of produce from the same amount of inputs because of productivity enhancement which caused the prices in the economy to cool off automatically. This is visible in the graph where the aggregate price in the economy falls from P0 to P1. Therefore, the argument made by the economist during this period of unneeded stress being given on fighting inflation is valid from the macroeconomic point by looking at the aggregate demand and supply curve. The shift of the aggregate supply due to technical progress backs up the argument stating the fall in economy real prices in aggregate sense due shift of the supply curve. How to cite In the Late 1990s a Growing Number of Economists, Essay examples

Color Blue free essay sample

Is a peacemaker of color; not many people dislike blue. 3. Is considered a noble color, represents dignity and poise. 4. Dark blue inspires confidence and trust. 5. Pale blue is believed to encourage fantasy. 6. Cool, calm, comfortable, relaxing, and clean. II. Negative associations 7. Depression, cold, low-class, and melancholy. 8. The color blue reduces appetite. 9. People are more unlikely to eat blue food. 10. Time passes by slower in a blue room. III. Culture 11. The color blue is significant in religious beliefs; also believed to bring peace. 12. Certain culture believes that the color blue keeps bad spirits away. 13. In Germany â€Å"I’m blue† means â€Å"I’m drunk. † 14. â€Å"Something blue† bridal tradition in the US represents love. 15. In Iran, blue is the color of mourning. IV. Health 16. Research shows that blue light will slow your heartbeat, decrease your temperature, and relax your muscle. 17. Blue reduces nervousness and excitement. 18. The color blue is known to contract the arteries, veins, and capillaries and thereby raises the blood pressure. We will write a custom essay sample on Color Blue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 9 Blue is also known to assist with balance and equilibrium. V. Consumer Behavior 20. Fashion consultants recommend wearing blue to job interviews because it symbolizes loyalty. 21. Weightlifters are able to handle heavier weights in blue gyms. 22. The color blue represents the U. S. democratic party. Beginning with the 2000 presidential elections, states that preferred democratic candidates were referred to as the â€Å"blue state. † 23. Blue is used in emergency rooms to calm patience and family members. 24. People work more productively in blue rooms.

Bonnie Steinbock Speciesism and the Idea of Equality Essay Example

Bonnie Steinbock Speciesism and the Idea of Equality Essay Royal Institute of Philosophy Speciesism and the Idea of Equality Author(s): Bonnie Steinbock Source: Philosophy, Vol. 53, No. 204 (Apr. , 1978), pp. 247-256 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal Institute of Philosophy Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/3749431 Accessed: 05/08/2010 08:38 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp. JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publisherCode=cup. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. We will write a custom essay sample on Bonnie Steinbock Speciesism and the Idea of Equality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Bonnie Steinbock Speciesism and the Idea of Equality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Bonnie Steinbock Speciesism and the Idea of Equality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [emailprotected] org. Cambridge University Press and Royal Institute of Philosophy are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Philosophy. http://www. jstor. org Speciesism Equality BONNIE STEINBOCK and the Idea of Most of us believe that we are entitled to treat members of other species in ways which would be considered wrong if inflicted on members of our own species. We kill them for food, keep them confined, use them in painful experiments. The moral philosopher has to ask what relevant difference justifies this difference in treatment. A look at this question will lead us to re-examine the distinctions which we have assumed make a moral difference. It has been suggested by Peter Singer1 that our current attitudes are speciesist, a word intended to make one think of racist or sexist. The idea is that membership in a species is in itself not relevant to moral treatment, and that much of our behaviour and attitudes towards non-human animals is based simply on this irrelevant fact. There is, however, an important difference between racism or sexism and speciesism. We do not subject animals to different moral treatment simply because they have fur and feathers, but because they are in fact different from human beings in ways that could be morally relevant. It is false that women are incapable of being benefited by education, and therefore that claim cannot serve to justify preventing them from attending school. But this is not false of cows and dogs, even chimpanzees. Intelligence is thought to be a morally relevant capacity because of its relation to the capacity for moral responsibility. What is Singers response? He agrees that non-human animals lack certain capacities that human animals possess, and that this may justify different treatment. But it does not justify giving less consideration to their needs and interests. According to Singer, the moral mistake which the racist or sexist makes is not essentially the factual error of thinking that blacks or women are inferior to white men. For even if there were no factual error, even if it were true that blacks and women are less intelligent and responsible than whites and men, this would not justify giving less consideration to their needs and interests. It is important to note that the term speciesism is in one way like, and in another way unlike, the terms racism and sexism. What the term speciesism has in common with these terms is the reference to focusing on a characteristic which is, in itself, irrelevant to moral treatment. And it is worth reminding us of this. 1 Peter Singer, AnimalLiberation New York Review Book, I975). (A 53 Philosophy I978 247 Discussion But Singers real aim is to bring us to a new understanding of the idea of equality. The question is, on what do claims to equality rest? The demand for human equality is a demand that the i nterests of all human beings be considered equally, unless there is a moral justification for not doing so. But why should the interests of all human beings be considered equally? In order to answer this question, we have to give some sense to the phrase, All men (human beings) are created equal. Human beings are manifestly not equal, differing greatly in intelligence, virtue and capacities. In virtue of what can the claim to equality be made? It is Singers contention that claims to equality do not rest on factual equality. Not only do human beings differ in their capacities, but it might even turn out that intelligence, the capacity for virtue, etc. are not distributed evenly among the races and sexes: The appropriate response to those who claim to have found evidence of genetically based differences in ability between the races or sexes is not to stick to the belief that the genetic explanation must be wrong, whatever evidence to the contrary may turn up; instead we should make it quite clear that the claim to equality does not depend on intelligence, moral capacity, physical strength, o r similar matters of fact. Equality is a moral ideal, not a simple assertion of fact. There is no logically compelling reason for assuming that a factual difference in ability between two people justifies any difference in the amount of consideration we give to satisfying their needs and interests. The principle of equality of human beings is not a description of an alleged actual equality among humans: it is a prescription of how we should treat humans. 2 In so far as the subject is human equality, Singers view is supported by other philosophers. Bernard Williams, for example, is concerned to show that demands for equality cannot rest on factual equality among people, for no such equality exists. 3 The only respect in which all men are equal, according to Williams, is that they are all equally men. This seems to be a platitude, but Williams denies that it is trivial. Membership in the species homo sapiens in itself has no special moral significance, but rather the fact that all men are human serves as a reminder that being human involves the possession of characteristics that are morally relevant. But on what characteristics does Williams focus? Aside from the desire for self-respect (which I will discuss later), Williams is not concerned with uniquely human capacities. Rather, he focuses on the capacity to feel pain and the 2 Singer, 5. BernardWilliams, The Idea of Equality, Philosophy,Politics and Society I962), 3 (Second Series), Laslett and Runciman (eds. ) (Blackwell, printed in Moral Concepts, Feinberg (ed. ) (Oxford, I970), 153-17I. 248 IIo0-I3, re- Discussion capacityto feel affection. It is in virtue of these capacities,it seems, that the idea of equalityis to be justified. ApparentlyRichardWasserstromhas the same idea as he sets out the racistslogicaland moral mistakesin Rights, Human Rights and Racial Discrimination. 4 The racist fails to acknowledgethat the black person is as capable of sufferingas the white person. According to Wasserstrom, the reason why a person is said to have a right not to be made to suffer acute physicalpain is that we all do in fact value freedomfrom such pain. Therefore, if anyone has a right to be free from sufferingacute physical has pain, everyone this right,for thereis no possiblebasisof discrimination. Wasserstromsays, For, if all persons do have equal capacitiesof these sorts and if the existence of these capacitiesis the reason for ascribing these rights to anyone, then all persons ought to have the right to claim equality of treatmentin respect to the possession and exercise of these rights. 5The basis of equality, for Wasserstromas for Williams,lies not in some uniquely human capacity,but ratherin the fact that all human beings are alikein their capacityto suffer. Writerson equalityhave focused on this capacity,I think,becauseit functionsas some sortof lowestcommon denominator,so that whateverthe other capacitiesof a human being, he is entitledto equal consideration because,like everyoneelse, he is capable of suffering. If the capacityto suffer is the reason for ascribinga right to freedom from acute pain, or a right to well being, then it certainlylooks as though these rights must be extended to animalsas well. This is the conclusion Singer arrives at. The demand for human equality rests on the equal capacityof all human beings to sufferand to enjoy well being. But if this is the basis of the demandfor equality,then this demandmust include all beings which have an equal capacityto suffer and enjoy well being. That is why Singer places at the basis of the demandfor equality, not intelligence or reason, but sentience. And equality will mean, not equality of of treatment,but equal consideration interests. The equal consideration mean quite differenttreatment,dependingon the of interests will often natureof the entity being considered. It would be as absurdto talk of a dogs right to vote, Singer says, as to talk of a mans right to have an abortion. ) It might be thought that the issue of equality depends on a discussion of rights. Accordingto this line of thought, animals do not merit equal considerationof interests because, unlike human beings, they do not, or cannot, have rights. But I am not going to discuss rights, important as 6i, Journalof Philosophy No. 20 (I964), reprintedin HumanRights,A. I. Melden (ed. ) (Wadsworth,I970), 96-110. Ibid. , Io6. 249 4 Richard Wasserstrom, Rights,HumanRights,and RacialDiscrimination, Discussion the issue is. The fact that an entity does not have rights does not necessarily imply that its interests are going to count for less than the interests of entities which are right-bearers. According to the view of rights held by H. L. A. Hart and S. I. Benn, infants do not have rights, nor do the mentally defective, nor do the insane, in so far as they all lack certain minimal conceptual capabilities for having rights. Yet it certainly does not seem that either Hart or Benn would agree that therefore their interests are to be counted for less, or that it is morally permissible to treat them in ways in which it would not be permissible to treat right-bearers. It seems to mean only that we must give different sorts of reasons for our obligations to take into consideration the interests of those who do not have rights. We have reasons concerning the treatment of other people which are clearly independent of the notion of rights. We would say that it is wrong to punch someone because doing that infringes his rights. But we could also say that it is wrong because doing that hurts him, and that is, ordinarily, enough of a reason not to do it. Now this particular reason extends not only to human beings, but to all sentient creatures. One has a prima facie reason not to pull the cats tail (whether or not the cat has rights) because it hurts the cat. And this is the only thing, normally, which is relevant in this case. The fact that the cat is not a rational being, that it is not capable of moral responsibility, that it cannot make free choices or shape its lifeall of these differences from us have nothing to do with the justifiability of pulling its tail. Does this show that rationality and the rest of it are irrelevant to moral treatment? I hope to show that this is not the case. But first I want to point out that the issue is not one of cruelty to animals. We all agree that cruelty is wrong, whether perpetrated on a moral or non-moral, rationalor non-rational agent. Cruelty is defined as the infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering. What is to count as necessary or unnecessary is determined, in part, by the nature of the end pursued. Torturing an animal is cruel, because although the pain is logically necessary for the action to be torture, the end (deriving enjoyment from seeing the animal suffer) is monstrous. Allowing animals to suffer from neglect or for the sake of large profits may also be thought to be unnecessary and therefore cruel. But there may be some ends, which are very good (such as the advancement of medical knowledge), which can be accomplished by subjecting animals to pain in experiments. Although most people would agree that the pain inflicted on animals used in medical research ought to be kept to a minimum, they would consider pain that cannot be eliminated necessary and therefore not cruel. It would probably not be so regarded if the subjects were non6 H. L. A. Hart, Are There Any Natural Rights? , Philosophical Review 64 (1955), and S. I. Benn, Abortion,Infanticide, and Respect for Persons, The Problem of Abortion, Feinberg (ed. (Wadsworth, I973), 92-104. 250 Discussion voluntary human beings. Necessity, then, is defined in terms of human benefit, but this is just what is being called into question. The topic of cruelty to animals, while important from a practical viewpoint, because much of our present treatment of animals involves the infliction of suffering for no good reason, is not very interes ting philosophically. What is philosophically interesting is whether we are justified in having different standards of necessity for human suffering and for animal suffering. Singer says, quite rightly I think, If a being suffers, there can be no moral justification for refusing to take that suffering into consideration. 7 But he thinks that the principle of equality requires that, no matter what the nature of the being, its suffering be counted equally with the like suffering of any other being. In other words sentience does not simply provide us with reasons for acting; it is the only relevant consideration for equal consideration of interests. It is this view that I wish to challenge. I want to challenge it partly because it has such counter-intuitive results. It means, for example, that feeding starving children before feeding starving dogs is just like a Catholic charitys feeding hungry Catholics before feeding hungry non-Catholics. It is simply a matter of taking care of ones own, something which is usually morally permissible. But whereas we would admire the Catholic agency which did not discriminate, but fed all children, first come, first served, we would feel quite differently about someone who had this policy for dogs and children. Nor is this, it seems to me, simply a matter of a sentimental preference for our own species. I might feel much more love for my dog than for a strange child-and yet I might feel morally obliged to feed the child before I fed my dog. If I gave in to the feelings of love and fed my dog and let the child go hungry, I would probably feel guilty. This is not to say that we can simply rely on such feelings. Huck Finn felt guilty at helping Jim escape, which he viewed as stealing from a woman who had never done him any harm. But while the existence of such feelings does not settle the morality of an issue, it is not clear to me that they can be explained away. In any event, their existence can serve as a motivation for trying to find a rational justification for considering human interests above non-human ones. However, it does seem to me that this requires a justification. Until now, common sense (and academic philosophy) have seen no such need. Benn says, No one claims equal consideration for all mammals-human beings count, mice do not, though it would not be easy to say why not. Although we hesitate to inflict unnecessary pain on sentient creatures, such as mice or dogs, we are quite sure that we do not need to show good reasons for putting human interests before theirs. 8 7 Singer, 9. 8 Benn, 3, of Equality,Moral and Social, The Encyclopedia Philosophy 40. 251 Discussion I think we do have to justify counting our interests more heavily than those of animals. But how? Singer is right, I think, to point out that it will not do to refer vaguely to the greater value of human life, to human worth and dignity: Faced with a situation in which they see a need for some basis for the moral gulf that is commonly thought to separate humans and animals, but can find no concrete difference that will do this without undermining the equality of humans, philosophers tend to waffle. They resort to high-sounding phrases like the intrinsic dignity of the human individual. They talk of the intrinsic worth of all men as if men had some worth that other beings do not have or they say that human beings, and only human beings, are ends in themselves, while everything other than a person can only have value for a person. Why should we not attribute intrinsic dignity or intrinsic worth to ourselves? Why should we not say that we are the only things in the universe that have intrinsic value? Our fellow human beings are unlikely to reject the accolades we so generously bestow upon them, and those to whom we deny the honour are unable to object. 9 Singer is right to be sceptical of terms like intrinsic dignity and intrinsic worth. These phrases are no substitute for a moral argument. But they may point to one. In trying to understand what is meant by these phrases, we may find a difference or differences between human beings and non-human animals that will justify different treatment while not undermining claims for human equality. While we are not compelled to discriminate among people because of different capacities, if we can find a significant difference in capacities between human and non-human animals, this could serve to justify regarding human interests as primary. It is not arbitrary or smug, I think, to maintain that human beings have a different moral status from members of other species because of certain capacities which are characteristic of being human. We may not all be equal in these capacities, but all human beings possess them to some measure, and non-human animals do not. For example, human beings are normally held to be responsible for what they do. In recognizing that someone is responsible for his or her actions, you accord that person a respect which is reserved for those possessed of moral autonomy, or capable of achieving such autonomy. Secondly, human beings can be expected to reciprocate in a way that non-human animals cannot. Nonhuman animals cannot be motivated by altruistic or moral reasons; they cannot treat you fairly or unfairly. This does not rule out the possibility of an animal being motivated by sympathy or pity. It does rule out altruistic motivation in the sense of motivation due to the recognition that the 9 Singer, 266-267. 52 Discussion needs and interestsof othersprovideone with certainreasonsfor acting. 10 Human beings are capable of altruisticmotivationin this sense. We are sometimes motivated simply by the recognitionthat someone else is in pain, and that pain is a bad thing, no matterwho suffersit. It is this sort of reasonthat I claimcannotmotivatean animalor any entitynot possessed of fairly abstract concepts. (If some non-humananimals do possess the requisiteconcepts-perhaps chimpanzeeswho have learneda languagethey might well be capableof altruisticmotivation. This means that our moral dealingswith animalsare necessarilymuch more limited than our dealings with other human beings. If rats invade our houses, carrying disease and biting our children, we cannot reason with them, hoping to persuadethem of the injustice they do us. We can only attempt to get for rid of them. And it is this that makesit reasonable us to accordthem a and not equal moral status, even though their capacityto suffer separate providesus with some reason to kill them painlessly,if this can be done without too much sacrifice of human interests. Thirdly, as Williams points out, there is the desire for self-respect: a certain human desire to be identifiedwith what one is doing, to be able to realize purposesof ones own, and not to be the instrumentof anotherswill unless one has willingly accepted such a role. 11Some animalsmay have some form of this desire, and to the extent that they do, we ought to consider their interest in freedom and self-determination. (Such considerationsmight affect our attitudes toward zoos and circuses. But the desire for selfrespectper se requiresthe intellectualcapacitiesof humanbeings, and this desireprovidesus with specialreasonsnot to treathumanbeings in certain ways. It is an affrontto the dignity of a human being to be a slave (even if a well-treatedone); this cannot be true for a horse or a cow. To point this out is of course only to say that the justificationfor the treatmentof an entity will dependon the sort of entity in question. In our treatmentof other entities, we must considerthe des ire for autonomy,dignity and respect, but only where such a desire exists. Recognitionof differentdesires and interestswill often requiredifferenttreatment,a point Singer himself makes. But is the issue simply one of differentdesires and interestsjustifying and requiringdifferenttreatment? I would like to make a strongerclaim, namely,that certaincapacities,which seem to be unique to humanbeings, entitle their possessorsto a privilegedposition in the moral community. Both rats and human beings dislike pain, and so we have a primafacie reasonnot to inflict pain on either. But if we can free human beings from which involves cripplingdiseases,pain and deaththroughexperimentation The Possibilityof Altruism(Oxford, 1970). 11Williams,op. cit. , I57. 10This conceptionof altruisticmotivationcomes from Thomas Nagels 253 Discussion making animals suffer, and if this is the only way to achieve such results, then I think that such experimentation is justified because human lives are more valuable than animal lives. And this is because of certain capacities and abilities that normal human beings have which animals apparently do not, and which human beings cannot exercise if they are devastated by pain or disease. My point is not that the lack of the sorts of capacities I have been discussing gives us a justification for treating animals just as we like, but rather that it is these differences between human beings and non-human animals which provide a rational basis for different moral treatment and consideration. Singer focuses on sentience alone as the basis of equality, but we can justify the belief that human beings have a moral worth that non-human animals do not, in virtue of specific capacities, and without resorting to high-sounding phrases. Singer thinks that intelligence, the capacity for moral responsibility, for virtue, etc. are irrelevant to equality, because we would not accept a hierarchy based on intelligence any more than one based on race. We do not think that those with greater capacities ought to have their interests weighed more heavily than those with lesser capacities, and this, he thinks, shows that differences in such capacities are irrelevant to equality. But it does not show this at all. Kevin Donaghy argues (rightly, I think) that what entitles us human beings to a privileged position in the moral community is a certain minimal level of intelligence, which is a prerequisite for morally relevant capacities. 2 The fact that we would reject a hierarchical society based on degree of intelligence does not show that a minimal level of intelligence cannot be used as a cut-off point, justifying giving greater consideration to the interests of those entities which meet this standard. Interestingly enough, Singer concedes the rationality of valuing the lives of normal human beings over the lives of non-human animals. 13 We are not required to value equally the life of a normal human being and the life of an animal, he thinks, but only their suffering. But I doubt that the value of an entitys life can be separated from the value of its suffering in this way. If we value the lives of human beings more than the lives of animals, this is because we value certain capacities that human beings have and animals do not. But freedom from suffering is, in general, a minimal condition for exercising these capacities, for living a fully human life. So, valuing human life more involves regarding human interests as counting for more. That is why we regard human suffering as more deplorable than comparable animal suffering. 12 Kevin Donaghy, Singer on Speciesism, PhilosophicExchange(Summer 1974). 13 Singer, 22. 254 Discussion But there is one point of Singers which I have not yet met. Some human beings (if only a very few) are less intelligent than some nonhuman animals. Some have less capacity for moral choice and responsibility. What status in the moral community are these members of our species to occupy? Are their interests to be considered equally with ours? Is experimenting on them permissible where such experiments are painful or injurious, but somehow necessary for human well being? If it is certain of our capacities which entitle us to a privileged position, it looks as if those lacking those capacities are not entitled to a privileged position. To think it is justifiable to experiment on an adult chimpanzee but not on a severely mentally incapacitated human being seems to be focusing on membership in a species where that has no moral relevance. (It is being speciesist in a perfectly reasonable use of the word. ) How are we to meet this challenge? Donaghy is untroubled by this objection. He says that it is fully in accord with his intuitions, that he regards the killing of a normally intelligent human being as far more serious than the killing of a person so severely limited that he lacked the intellectual capacities of an adult pig. But this parry really misses the point. The question is whether Donaghy thinks that the killing of a human being so severely limited that he lacked the intellectual capacities of an adult pig would be less serious than the killing of that pig. If superior intelligence is what justifies privileged status in the moral community, then the pig who is smarter than a human being ought to have superior moral status. And I doubt that this is fully in accord with Donaghys intuitions. I doubt that anyone will be able to come up with a concrete and morally relevant difference that would justify, say, using a chimpanzee in an experiment rather than a human being with less capacity for reasoning, moral responsibility, etc. Should we then experiment on the severely retarded? Utilitarian considerations aside (the difficulty of comparing intelligence between species, for example), we feel a special obligation to care for the handicapped members of our own species, who cannot survive in this world without such care. Non-human animals manage very well, despite their lower intelligence and lesser capacities; most of them do not require special care from us. This does not, of course, justify experimenting on them. However, to subject to experimentation those people who depend on us seems even worse than subjecting members of other species to it. In addition, when we consider the severely retarded, we think, That could be me. It makes sense to think that one might have been born retarded, but not to think that one might have been born a monkey. And so, although one can imagine oneself in the monkeys place, one feels a closer identification with the severely retarded human being. Here we are getting away from such things as morally relevant differences and are talking about something much more difficult to articulate, namely, the role of feeling 255 Discussion and sentiment in moral thinking. We would be horrifiedby the use of the retarded in medical research. But what are we to make of this horror? Has it moral significance or is it mere sentiment, of no more import than the sentiment of whites against blacks? It is terribly difficult to know how to evaluate such feelings. 14 am not going to say more about this, because I think that the treatment of severely incapacitated human beings does not pose an insurmountable objection to the privileged status principle. I am willing to admit that my horror at the thought of experiments being performed on severely mentally incapacitated human beings in cases in which I would find it justifiable and preferable to perform the same experiments on non-human animals (capable of similar suffering) may not be a moral emotion. But it is certainly not wrong of us to extend special care to members of our own species, motivated by feelings of sympathy, protectiveness, etc. If this is speciesism, it is stripped of its tone of moral condemnation. It is not racist to provide special care to members of your own race; it is racist to fall below your moral obligation to a person because of his or her race. I have been arguing that we are morally obliged to consider the interests of all sentient creatures, but not to consider those interests equally with human interests. Nevertheless, even this recognition will mean some radical changes in our attitude toward and treatment of other species. 15 State University of New York at Albany un into the same problem when discussing abortion. Of what significance are our feelingstowardthe unbornwhen discussingits status? Is it relevant or irrelevantthat it looks like a human being? 15I would like to acknowledgethe help of, and offer thanks to, Professor RichardArneson of the University of California,San Diego; ProfessorSidney Gendin of EasternMichigan University; and ProfessorPeter Singer of Monash University, all of whom read and commentedon earlierdrafts of this paper. 256 14 We

The Misdemeanors of Well-Educated People in Public Office

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Symbolism In Trifles by susan glaspell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Symbolism In Trifles by susan glaspell - Essay Example Wright and the situation which led to the main conflict that is throughout the play. The first set of symbols which are associated with the trifles are the kitchen items which are seen, all which are referred to first as being in a mess. The set of noticed items include fruit that has frozen, preserves that Mrs. Wright was working on and pans that are under the sink. The main association is with the fruit that is frozen and with the preserves that haven’t been cared for. This is significant as it becomes a meaning which is related to the marriage and how it wasn’t cared for or preserved. This is what led to the cold and icy relationship that both were a part of. This is followed by the pans that are kicked under the sink leave the same impression, which shows that the cooking and care is one which is stuffed into a corner and hasn’t been used properly, similar to the marriage which Mrs. Wright is in. The next item which becomes symbolic is the loaf of bread. This isn’t significant except it hasn’t been placed in the bread box, which causes it to dry quickly and isn’t a way of caring for the items in the kitchen. The loaf of bread becomes symbolic with the marriage not being set in the right place and instead becoming one based on the wrong understanding within the relationship. While the men state that this is related to bad housekeeping, the women that are speaking notice that the uncommon changes in the kitchen are related specifically to Mrs. Wright not being able to create the right approach to the idea of being a wife and having a husband which is able to care for the marriage. The clothing is another symbol which is noted. This becomes significant because of the types of clothing that is expected. The first is an apron which Mrs. Wright has requested. The apron is significant because it shows how Mrs. Wright only believes the marriage was good so she could offer housekeeping chores, as opposed to having a true mar riage. The second is a shawl that is required. There is also a quilt which is mentioned and which the women notice that she is piecing together. The statement which is made with this is based on knotting the quilt, instead of sewing it. The knots are significant with the thoughts of Mrs. Wright, which doesn’t offer a proper way of putting together the quilt but instead shows that her marriage is tied together loosely. The significance of the individual items are also identified with the state that each of the pieces are in. The sewing left behind is noted as being good half way through the piece then changing. Mrs. Hale states that â€Å"Here, this is the one that she was working on, and look at the sewing! All the rest of it has been so nice and even. And look at this! It’s all over the place! Why, it looks as if she didn’t know what she was about!† (Glaspell, 962). There are also noticed changes with half of the counter being clean and the other half be ing a mess. The concept of the items being half way clean and the other half messy continues with a hinge that is half way pulled off of the door. Each of these indicate that the marriage was one which was also becoming a mess and was falling apart, similar to the items seen. The last trifle which works as a symbol is the bird. This is significant because of the cage which is found; however, the bird is gone. The women looking at the trifles note that Mrs. Wright used to like to sing but stopped. They also note

Term Definition Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Term Definition Paper - Essay Example This paper stresses that the current economic situation affects my organization in the form of lower demands for output because of the financial crunch. While the effect is on the national scale, if not on the global scale, local organizations can feel the effect through decrease in sales due to curbing down on consumption. At times like these when there is recession, organizations face a challenge of coming up with ways in order to boost demand, despite the developing mentality of curbing down on consumption. The inflation rate is determined by the interaction of the aggregate demand—the overall level of demand in the economy, and the aggregate supply—the overall level of output producers are willing to supply in order to meet these demands. An increase or upward shift in the aggregate demand at the same level of aggregate supply causes an increase in inflation rate—also known as demand-pull inflation. This article makes a conclusion that the most important economic indicator which affects my organization is the growing inflation, which is of the cost-push variety that a lot of other countries in the whole world also experience. The cost-push inflation makes the prices of inputs higher, therefore squeezes the profit of the organization. With the challenge of lower demands, the profitability is further worsened. Therefore, my organization faces a challenge to come up with ways in order to improve profitability, either by finding ways to cut down on cost and lessen the higher prices of inputs, or boosting demand and repeat purchase among the customers.

Recruitment Methods of ISIS

Recruitment Methods of ISIS Abstract This paper covers a small area of topics on the infamous organization, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). These topics include: a brief history of the organization, who ISIS is recruiting, why the recruits are joining, and the methods in which ISIS uses to recruit its members. Because of ISIS’s clever and effective recruiters and their methods of recruitment, they are on their way to establishing a caliphate, which refers to uniting all Muslims for the purpose of total, world domination. Recruitment Methods of ISIS According to communication strategist and cyber war expert advisor, James P. Farwell (2014), in the summer of 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) made an ostentatious appearance onto the worldwide stage, with the desire to institute its religious authority across the world (Farwell, 2014, p. 49). ISIS developed a caliphate, led by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (p. 49). The organization’s primary tool for increasing its influence across the globe has been â€Å"brute violence† (Farwell, 2014, p. 49). However, through their methods of recruitment, they have tried to establish credibility and implement legitimacy by skillfully advertising their propaganda through social networking and cyber technology, making it look attractive to prospective fighters (Farwell, 2014, p. 49). This paper will discuss who ISIS is recruiting, why the recruits are joining ISIS, and the recruitment methods that the organization uses to gather members, in order to accomplish their purpose of conquering the world. The slogan, â€Å"Baqiya wa tatamadad,† as stated by Amanda Borquaye (2016), is the slogan created by ISIS, meaning ‘â€Å"lasting and expanding,’† which has produced fearin many different areas around the world (p. 28). As recorded by author, Patrick Cockburn (2015), during summer of 2014, throughout the course of several weeks, ISIS altered politics in the Middle East (p. 1). Jihadi soldiers intertwined religious â€Å"fanaticism† and military experience to succeed in war against Iraqi, Syrian, and Kurdish forces (Cockburn, 2015, p. 1). ISIS aimed to destroy the Sunni opposition to the regimes in Iraq and Syria while it extended all throughout those areas (Cockburn, 2015, p. 1). ISIS did not show any concern that the list of their enemies grew greater over time, which included such areas as the United States and Iran (Cockburn, 2015, p. 1). As history has shown, ISIS generating enemies has not been a problem.    As Iraq and Syria began to disperse into their separate communities, the Shia, Sunni, Kurds, Alawites, and Christians were struggling to survive (Cockburn, 2015, p. 1). If someone was not in compliance with the ideology of Islam, they were labeled as â€Å"apostates† and â€Å"polytheists† and forced to flee or were brutally murdered (Cockburn, 2015, p. 1). The scare tactics and the forms of public violence that ISIS started using to torment their adversaries were the most extreme that had been seen in several decades (Cockburn, 2015, p. 1). The members of ISIS desire to restructure the world by committing violent acts (Cockburn, 2015, p. 5). Parts of this ideology can be attributed to the war in Iraq in 2003 and the war in Syria in 2011 (Cockburn, 2015, p. 5). Because of events like these, ISIS has discovered a new battlefield in which they are able to fight and flourish (Cockburn, 2015, p. 5). They have managed to accomplish this task by recruiting as many jihadists a s possible. Who are they recruiting? ISIS prompts their recruits to institute and obtain a caliphate, which means ‘â€Å"a unified Muslim state run according to a strict interpretation of Islamic law’† (Borquaye, 2016, p. 28). As believed by dedicated jihadists, violence is the single method in which to achieve this caliphate (Borquaye, 2016, p. 28). Over a significant amount of time, ISIS has developed the abilities of recruiting Westerners, despite viewing themselves as common enemies of the West and everything that Western culture honors and represents (Borquaye, 2016, p. 28). According to Lisa Blaker (2015), of the University of Maryland, there has been an estimated 3,000 or more nationalists from Western countries that have immigrated to the Middle East to join ISIS, contributing to the extremist movement (3). Some of these Western nationalists that ISIS is recruiting are American teenagers. According to Husna Haq, a correspondent for the news organization, The Christian Science Monitor, there are four reasons why teenagers, especially American teens, are being seduced in joining ISIS (Blaker, 2015, p. 4). The first reason is that organizations like ISIS are able to help young people to develop a sense of identity (Blaker, 2015, p. 4). They intentionally target this demographic because these teenagers are lost and have no sense of belonging or purpose (Blaker, 2015, p. 4). Joining groups like these makes them feel like they finally have a family and a purpose in life (Blaker, 2015, p. 4). The second reason is that ISIS functions as an advanced propaganda machine (Blaker, 2015, p. 4). Because we live in the Internet age and it is popular among young people, the Internet is an easy tool to lure members of this age group (Blaker, 2015, p. 4). The third reason is that ISIS creates a sense of religious obligation, which is why it is so attractive to American teenagers (Blaker, 2015, p. 4). Lastly, ISIS has made females one of their biggest demographics that they recruit (Blaker, 2015, p. 4).   The demographic of young Muslim-American females seems to be very popular (Blaker, 2015, p. 4). The most common group of Muslim-American females who join are those who feel isolated from their non-Muslim peers (Blaker, 2015, p. 4). Surprisingly, there appears to be a great desire for the recruitment of females to join ISIS. One of the most popular demographics that ISIS recruits are women. In these cases, they have had success by women recruiting other women (Blaker, 2015, p. 5). One of the most effective recruiters is Umm Ubaydah, who immigrated from Europe to Syria in 2014 (Blaker, 2015, p. 5). She has a blog that she uses as a recruitment tool for women (Blaker, 2015, p. 5). Her posts typically incorporate information on what to bring, the appropriate type of clothing, a sufficient amount of money, and includes information about what everyday life for women is like in Syria (Blaker, 2015, p. 5). Additional information that she posts include support on how to cope when leaving one’s family (Blaker, 2015, p. 5). A Senior Counter Extremism Researcher for the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, Erin Marie Saltman, claimed that women are successful as recruiters of other women because there is a sense of comfort manifested when communicating with fellow women (Blaker, 2015, p. 5). Conversing with a fellow woman provides a sense of consolation of leaving one’s family (Blaker, 2015, p. 5-6). As reported by CNN, about 1 in 6 ISIS recruits are women (Blaker, 2015, p. 6).   Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Alberto Cerzone and Anita Peresin (2015), professors of counterterrorism at George C. Marshall Center, roughly ten percent of ISIS’s Western recruits are females. As of 2015, it was estimated that there were over 200 Western females who abandoned their homes to join ISIS, the majority of them from France (Cerzone and Peresin, 2015, p. 499). The rest of the women were from other European nations, including the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, and Belgium, with the numbers constantly rising (Cerzone and Peresin, 2015, p. 499). The International Centre for Study of Radicalization at Kings College London, found the majority of these females are between the ages of 16-24, but some are as young as thirteen (Cerzone and Peresin, 2015, p. 499). The majority of these females run away to the Middle East without telling their parents, which raises concerns and questions for security experts and the general Western culture (Cerzone and Peresin, 2015, p. 499). They typically come from Muslim families or have converted to Islam, but in either instance, families are appalled that their daughters are interested in joining this â€Å"violent jihad† (Cerzone and Peresin, 2015, p. 499).   Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Lauren Vogel (2016), of CMAG News, ISIS has also been recruiting doctors and health workers. The recruitment of these specialists began in 2015 when ISIS increased its focus of establishing control over territory to institute a caliphate, which they believe will bring all of the Muslims together to conquer the world (Vogel, 2016, p. 1). Since the summer of 2015, ISIS had advertised the need for doctors through social media, blogs, splashy magazines, and high-budget videos to showcase the state’s emerging health system (Vogel, 2016, p. 1). The advertisements show off the substantial amount of services they provide, the latest facilities and equipment, experienced professionals, and two medical schools (Vogel, 2016, p. 1). ISIS is especially eager for medical professionals because a numerous amount of local doctors have left the organization’s territory (Vogel, 2016, p. 1). There have been reports of doctors who were forced to treat patients at gunpoint, some who were targeted for arrest, and others who were executed for refusing to provide care (Vogel, 2016, p. 1). Like others that ISIS recruits, there are various reasons why they are recruiting medical professionals. Lorne Dawson, co-director of the Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism, Security and Society, said, â€Å"‘It’s a storm of factors, from a quest of significance and identity, to maybe some experience of discrimination’† (Vogel, 2016, p. 1). A popular reason why these professionals join is because of social justice (Vogel, 2016, p. 2). A large number of medical professionals are driven by altruism, and the determination to assist others, and the radical message uses that (Vogel, 2016, p. 2). Dawson says, â€Å"‘People find it amazing that a doctor would want to be part of this ultraviolent group committing atrocities, but on the flipside a lot of what ISIS does looks like humanitarian, social welfare and medical work’† (Vogel, 2016, p. 2). Another possible factor that draws doctors is discrimination (Vogel, 2016, p. 2). An American survey was done that showed that 24% of Muslim doctors often were victims of religious discrimination in their careers and 14% currently were experiencing it in the workplace (Vogel, 2016, p. 2). No matter for what reasons medical professionals are attracted to ISIS, they still go through the same radicalization process as any other recruit (Vogel, 2016, p. 2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Methods of recruitment ISIS’s skills of maneuvering media is a significant factor in the way that they recruit (Borquaye, 2016, p. 28). ISIS has used the Internet and online social media as a tool of circulating their message (Borquaye, 2016, p. 28). They use these forms of media in hopes of recruiting individuals, especially young people, to join them in the Middle East and fight alongside them with other jihadists, or simply to support the organization (Blaker, 2015, p. 1). These supporting roles typically fall to the young women who join (Blaker, 2015, p. 1). ISIS has designated â€Å"sympathizers† to carry out acts of violence wherever they may be when they are not able to travel to the Middle East (Blaker, 2015, p. 1). Social media networks, such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube do not have complete sanctions that restrict ISIS propaganda from spreading across the world in real time (Blaker, 2015, p. 1). UK surveillance chief, Robert Hannigan, said, â€Å"ISIS and other extremist groups use platforms like Twitter, Facebook and WhatsApp to reach their target audience in a language it understands. Their methods include exploiting popular hashtags to disseminate their message† (Blaker, 2015, p. 4). In 2015, John Greenberg, of the Tampa Bay Times, conducted research which found that each day, there are up to 200,000 pro-ISIS tweets per day (Blaker, 2015, p. 1). This study also counted re-tweets and some that were generated through computer programs (Blaker, 2015, p. 1). Some of these tweets even included death threats to Twitter’s CEO and other Twitter employees (Blaker, 2015, p. 2). According to extremism analyst, J.M. Berger (2015), there were 46,000 Twitter accounts that were owned by supporters of ISIS as of the year 2014. Since then, Twitter has suspended a great number of accounts by ISIS supporters, but the supporters simply create other accounts after suspension (Berger, 2015). As of today, there is estimated to be around 40,000 accounts owned by ISIS supporters, with about 2,000 who primarily tweet in English (Berger, 2015).   Ã‚  Ã‚   One form of social media advertising that ISIS uses that is extremely effective is videos. According to a reporter for TheBlaze, Sara Gonzales (2017), ISIS posted a video this past April that featured a boy who seemed to be around the age of six or seven years old, taking part in a double-beheading. The group increasingly uploads videos that are sophisticated, good quality, and with pictures that contain impressive visual effects (Blaker, 2015, p. 1). They post various videos, each one different from another (Borquaye, 2016, p. 28). The goal is to make a different video that will appeal to each of the demographics that they are trying to reach (Borquaye, 2016, p. 28). Their most significant speeches were uploaded to the Internet in seven languages and the videos they post present similar violent characteristics to those used in Hollywood films (Borquaye, 2016, p. 28). Many of the videos that they publish have music with lyrics that have been translated to English and various other European languages (Blaker, 2015, p. 3). The newest videos that they have published feature English-speaking jihadists (Blaker, 2015, p. 3). Sean Heuston, who teaches English and film studies at The Citadel, has done extensive research on extremist video propaganda (Blaker, 2015, p. 3). He said, ‘â€Å"Its actually surprising how contemporary and hip-looking some of these things are, especially considering the fact that the messages that they are promoting are essentially medieval’† (Blaker, 2015, p. 3).    This sort of recruiting technique has enabled the organization to disperse powerful and emotional images (Farwell, 2014, p. 50). This narrative emphasizes that the strength and dominance of ISIS is increasing, asserting that full control is inevitable (Farwell, 2014, p. 50). Many of these images are intended to portray the organization’s members as fearsome warriors by showing gruesome beheadings and executions that are meant to torment their adversaries (Farwell, 2014, p. 50). However, ISIS also post images that display foot soldiers eating candy bars and holding cats, communicating that although ISIS is strictly Islamic, they also advocate for the welfare of people, and not just killing them (Farwell, 2014, p. 50). As written by Imran Awan (2017), ISIS also portrays the fighters in their videos with a â€Å"‘moral conscious’† by showing them helping and protecting civilians (p. 139). A number of their videos feature members visiting fighters in infirmaries and handing out candy to children (Awan, 2017, p. 139). This shows the attempt to showcase the supposed compassionate feature of ISIS.   Ã‚   Additionally, ISIS has developed their own app, which a person could download for free in order to stay updated with current information on the group (Awan, 2017, p. 139). The app was titled â€Å"‘The Dawn of Glad Tidings’† (Awan, 2017, p. 139). However, the app was detected and suspended after it (Awan, 2017, p. 139). Once the app was downloaded, users were able to view tweets, links, hashtags, pictures, videos and comments on their own accounts (Awan, 2017, p. 139). The majority of the information on the app was controlled by ISIS’s â€Å"social media arm† (Awan, 2017, p. 139).   Ã‚   Dr. Anne Speckhard, Professor of Psychiatry at Georgetown University, and researcher, Lorand Bodo (2017), conducted a short study, measuring the dissemination of ISIS propaganda on the Internet. The study mainly included observing search engines, such as Google, Bing, and Yahoo (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). They based their study on prior research that was gathered from Facebook (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). They used hashtags, keywords and phrases in English and Arabic that were familiar to ISIS members, endorsers, and distributors on social networks (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). As they expected, they found a good number of social network accounts, Internet sites, and forums that were promoting ISIS propaganda (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). Interestingly enough, they found that each one of those sources were connected to the same source, which they called the â€Å"Daily Harvester† (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). In this particular situation, the Daily Harvester is referred to as â€Å"Abu Abdellah Al-Ifriqi† (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). It is presumed that Abu Abdella is an official representative of ISIS (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). Speckhard and Bodo observed Abu Abdellah over the course of a month, while determining the keywords and phrases that he was using to spread his message (2017). They found four specific stages that surfaced in monitoring his activity (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). First, Abdellah observed official ISIS media channels, like Amaq News Agency and Al-Hayat Media (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). Second, he gathered audio, files, news reports, pictures, and videos, in which he uploaded into one document (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). Third, Abdellah posted documents only to two websites, which were justpaste.it and addpost.it (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). These â€Å"‘paste-websites’† permit any person to post a link that may be shared (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). Lastly, he posted the generated link on social networking sites, forums, and various different websites to reach as many individuals as he can, with a wide â€Å"compendium† of the latest ISIS propaganda (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). However, Abu Abdellah is not the sole Daily Harvester (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). There are many Daily Harvesters, each one as dangerous as the other (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). They are extremely dangerous because they are able to disseminate large quantities of ISIS propaganda, with just a click of a link, which makes it available to anybody (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). Essentially, anybody who is capable of maneuvering Google can attain this information and simply input it into Google Translator to see and read in their own language (Speckhard and Bodo, 2017). Due to the ease of access of this information, it would be hard to stop or even attempt to counteract these methods that ISIS uses to recruit its members.      Conclusion The goal of ISIS from the beginning was to develop a caliphate, in which they would unite all Muslims to achieve global dominance (Vogel, 2016, p. 1). Thus far, they have taken steps to accomplish that by performing significant acts of violence and making themselves known on the Internet, mainly through social networking sites (Farwell, 2014, p. 49). Popular ways of doing this are creating high-quality videos, and tweeting thousands of times a day from thousands of pro-ISIS Twitter accounts (Berger, 2015). Because of their cleverness and the forms ISIS uses to promote their propaganda, it is not an outrageous thought that total domination could be inevitable (Farwell, 2014, p. 50). References Awan, I. (2017). Cyber-Extremism: Isis and the Power of Social Media. Society, 54(2), 138-148. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs12115-017-0114-0.pdf. Berger, J. (2015, October 23). Tailored Online Interventions: The Islamic States Recruitment Strategy. https://ctc.usma.edu/posts/tailored-online-interventions-the-islamic-states-recruitment-strategy Blaker, L. (2015). The Islamic State’s Use of Online Social Media. The Journal of the Military Cyber Professionals Association, 1(1), 1-9. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=mca Borquaye, A. (2016). Countering the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria: Why the West Has it Wrong. JUIS. 2027-34. Cervone, A., & Peresin, A. (2015). The Western Muhajirat of ISIS. Taylor & Francis, 38(7), 495-509. http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&sid=d6ffa458-1214-4bad-96b5-b4c5c0931508%40sessionmgr102 Cockburn, P. (2015). The rise of Islamic State: ISIS and the new Sunni revolution. London: Verso. Farwell, J. P. (2014). The Media Strategy of ISIS. Survival (00396338), 56(6), 49-55 Gonzales, S. (2017, April 18). Latest ISIS recruit video shows young school-aged boy participating in execution. http://www.theblaze.com/news/2017/04/18/latest-isis-recruit-video-shows-young-school-aged-boy-participating-in-execution/ Speckhard, A., & Bodo, L. (2017, April 23). How ISIS Disseminates Propaganda over the Internet Despite Counter-Measures and How to Fight Back. http://moderndiplomacy.eu/index.php?option=com_k2view=itemid=2494%3Ahow-isis-disseminates-propaganda-over-the-internet-despite-counter-measures-and-how-to-fight-back Vogel, L. (2016). Why are Doctors Joining ISIS?. Canadian Medical Association.   http://www.cmaj.ca/content/early/2016/01/11/cmaj.109-5217.full.pdf